| Century |
Personality |
|
|
|
|
|
Archaic |
Archaic Man |
|
16th-45th
B.C. |
Egyptians
(c. 4000 B.C.)
Sumero-Akkadians
(c. 3500 B.C.)
Canaanites (c. 3300 B.C.)
Aryans (c. 2000 B.C.)
Israelites (c. 2000 B.C.)
Assyro-Babylonians
(c. 1800 B.C.)
Abraham - Abram -
Ibrahim (c. 1800 B.C.)
Hammurabi (reigned 1795-1750 B.C.)
Phoenicians (c. 1600 B.C.)
Hittites (c. 1600 B.C.) |
|
6th-15th
B.C. |
Achenaten - Amenhotep IV,
Monotheistic
Pharaoh (c. 1362-1333 B.C.; 18th Dynasty)
Aramaeans
(c. 1300 B.C.)
Moses
- Osarseph, Egyptian priest
(c. 1250 B.C.)
Vedic Sages
(c. 1200-900 B.C.)
Solomon
(ruled 961-922 B.C.)
Sanskrit Sages
(c. 800-400 B.C.)
Homer (ca. 850-800 B.C.)
Solon (c.
630-c. 560
B.C.)
Draco (Draco's
law code, c. 621 B.C.)
Thales (c. 624-c. 546 B.C.)
Lao-Tzu (c. 604-531 B.C.)
Sun Tzu (c.
600-500 B.C.)
Xenophanes (c. 570 - c. 478 B.C.)
Pythagoras (569-475 B.C.)
Buddha - Siddhartha
Gautama (c. 563-c. 483 B.C.)
Confucius - Master
Kong (551-479 B.C.)
Heraclitus
(c. 535-c. 475 B.C.)
Parmenides (b.
c. 515 B.C.)
Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 B.C.) |
|
1st-5th
B.C. |
Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.)
Empedocles (c. 495-c. 435 B.C.)
Gorgias, (c. 485-380
B.C.)
Herodotus (c. 484-c. 425 B.C.)
Socrates (469-399 B.C.)
Democritus (c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Hippocrates
(c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Thucydides
(c. 460 -c. 400 B.C.)
Decemviri - The Twelve Tables (451-450 B.C. and 449 B.C.)
Xenophon (c. 428 -
c. 354 B.C.)
Plato (427-347 B.C.)
Diogenes (c. 412-323 B.C.)
Hecateus of Abdera (fourth-third century B.C.)
Manetho (3rd century B.C.)
Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Mencius - Master Meng (c. 370-290 B.C.)
Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)
Zeno of Citium, (335-263 B.C.)
Euclid (c. 325-c. 265 B.C.)
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.)
Hipparchus
(190-120 B.C.)
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.)
Caesar, Gaius Julius (100-44 B.C.)
Lucretius (c. 99-c. 55 B.C.)
Hillel (c. 70 B.C.-10 A.D.)
Diodorus, Siculus (first century B.C.)
Strabo (c. 64 B.C.-20 A.D.)
Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.)
Shammai (c. 50 B.C.-c. 30 A.D.)
Philo - Philo Judaeus (ca. 20 B.C.-50 A.D.)
Christ,
Jesus (c. 4 B.C. - c. 30
A.D.)
Seneca, (4 B.C.-65 A.D.)
|
|
1st-5th
A.D. |
Apion (first century)
Josephus, Flavius (37-c. 95)
Plutarch (c. 45-c. 125)
Tacitus,
Publius Cornelius (c. 56-120)
Marcion (c. 84-160)
Ptolemy - Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. 85-c. 165)
Justin Martyr, Saint (c. 100-c. 165)
Valentinus (c. 100-c. 160)
Irenaeus, Saint (ca. 120-203)
Aurelius,
Marcus (121-180)
Tatian (converted to Christianity, c. 150)
Celsus (Platonist; wrote True Doctrine, c.
178)
Origen - Origenes Adamantius (c. 185-c. 254)
Plotinus (205-270)
Mani, (c. 216-c. 276)
Aphraates -
Aphrahat, "Persian Sage"
(c. 270-c. 345)
Ephrem the Syrian, Saint - Harp of
the Spirit (c. 306-373) [Orthodox monasticism]
Basil of
Caesarea - Saint Basil the
Great (c. 329-379)
Gregory of Nazianzus,
Saint
(329-389) [Trinitarian Theology]
Gregory of Nyssa
(c. 335)
Ambrose,
Saint (c. 337-397)
Jerome (c. 342-419)
John Chrysostom
(349-c. 407)
Augustine of Hippo, Saint
- Aurelius Augustinus (354-430) |
|
6th-10th |
Gregory Dialogus
-
Pope Gregory I -
Gregory the Great (540-604)
Mohammad,
The Prophet (c.
570-632)
Al-Khwarizmi, Abu Ja'far Muhammad
Ibn Musa (c.
780-c. 850)
Al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yakub
Ibn Ishaq (803-873)
Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad
Ibn
Tarkhan Ibn Awzalagh (870-950)
Saadia
Gaon - Said al-Fayyumi (Jewish exilarch) (882-942)
Al-Mutanabbi (915-965)
Alhazen - Abu-Ali Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham (c. 965-1039)
Al-Biruni,
Abu Raihan (973-1048)
Avicenna - Abul Ali Al-Husayn
Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Sina (980-1037) |
|
11th-14th |
Al-Khayyam,
Omar (1044-1123)
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1058-1111)
Averroës - Abul-Waleed Muhammad ibn Rushd (1126-1198)
Maimonides - Moses Ben Maimon
- Abu Imran Musa ben Maimun Ibn Abd Allah (1135-1204)
Saladin - Salah Al-Din
Al-Ayyubi (c. 1137-1193)
Al-Suhrawardi, Shihab Al-Din Yahya
(1154-1191) [Illuminationist philosophy]
Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164-1240)
Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-1294)
Aquinas, Saint Thomas (1225-1274)
Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)
Ockham,
William of (c.1285-c. 1349)
Ibn
Khaldun, Abd Al-Rahman Abu Zayd
Ibn Muhammad
(1332-1406)
Gutenberg,
Johannes (c. 1400-1468) |
|
15th |
Sprenger, James (c. 1437-1495)
Kramer, Heinrich (died 1505)
Da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519)
Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466-1536)
Machiavelli, Niccoló (1469-1527)
Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543)
More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)
Rabelais, François (c. 1494-1553) [Gargantua and
Pantagruel] |
|
16th |
Cardano,
Gerolamo - Geronimo (1501-1576)
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533-1592)
El Greco - Doménicos Theotokópoulos (1541-1614)
Galileo, Galilei (1564-1642)
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)
Descartes, René (1596-1650)
Velázquez, Diego - Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez
(1599-1660) {Realism, Impressionism] |
|
17th |
Ferma,
Pierre de (1601-1665)
Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
Locke, John (1632-1704)
Lully, Jean-Baptiste (1632-1687)
Spinoza, Baruch - Benedictus de (1632-1677)
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715)
Racine, Jean (1639-1699)
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)
Vivaldi, Antonio Lucio (1678-1741)
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750)
Berkeley, George (1685-1753)
Handel, George Frideric (1685-1759)
Montesquieu,
Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755)
Voltaire - François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782) |
|
18th |
Franklin,
Benjamin (1706-1790)
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, le
Compte de (1707-1788)
Euler,
Leonhard (1707-1783)
Hume, David (1711-1776)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778)
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) [Encyclopédie]
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797)
Washington, George (1732-1799)
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de
(1736-1806)
Lagrange, Comte Joseph Louis (1736-1813)
Watt, James E. (1736-1819)
Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)
Sade,
Donatien Alphonse François, Comte De (1740-1814)
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre
Antoine de Monet, le Chavalier (1744-1829)
Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio
Anastasio (1745-1827) [Battery]
Goya, Francisco - Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes
(1746-1828)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)
Madison,
James (1751-1836)
Hamilton, Alexander (1755-1804)
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)
Fichte, Johann (1762-1814)
Whitney, Eli (1765-1825)
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)
Fourier, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830)
Schleiermacher, Friedrich
Daniel Ernst (1768-1834)
Napoleon I - Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Beethoven, Ludvig van (1770-1827)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)
Ampère, André Marie (1775-1836)
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775-1854)
Avogadro,
Armedeo (1776-1856)
Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1776-1841) [Pedagogy]
Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)
Gompertz, Benjamin (1779-1865)
Jomini,
Baron Antoine Henri de (1779-1869)
Clausewitz, Carl von (1780-1831)
Poisson, Siméon Denis (1781-1840)
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)
Henry, Joseph (1791-1878)
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese (1791-1872)
Babbage, Charles (1792-1871)
Whewell, William (1794-1866) [Inductive Sciences]
Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832)
Comte, Auguste - Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte
(1798-1857) [Postivism, Sociology]
Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)
Moltke, Helmuth
Karl Bernhard, Graf Von (1800-1891) |
|
19th |
Fechner,
Gustav Theodor (1801-1887) [Psychophysics]
Hugo, Victor-Marie (1802-1885) [Romanticism]
Doppler,
Christian Johann (1803-1853)
Liebig, Baron Justus von (1803-1879)
Hamilton, Sir William Rowan (1805-1865)
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de (1805-1859)
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)
Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849)
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)
Chopin, Frédéric François (1810-1849)
Liszt, Franz (1811-1886)
Kierkegaard, Søren Aaby (1813-1855)
Verdi, Giuseppe (1813-1901)
Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1814-1876)
Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878) [Conservation of
Energy] [Oxidation]
Boole, George (1815-1864)
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de (1816-1882)
Siemens, Ernst Werner von (1816-1892)
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann
(1817-1881)
Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862)
Joule, James P. (1818-1889)
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895)
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)
Baudelaire, Charles Pierre (1821-1867) [Symbolism]
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Michailovich (1821-1881)
Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880) [Realism, Romanticism]
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821-1894)
Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822-1884)
Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)
Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel
(1822-1888)
Kelvin, Lord William
Thomson (1824-1907)
Moreau, Gustave (1826-1898) [Symbolism]
Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard (1826-1866)
Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910)
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
Suess, Eduard (1831-1914)
[Continental Drift]
Manet, Édouard (1832-1883)
[Impressionism]
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (1832-1920) [Structuralism]
Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833-1911)
Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919)
Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834-1907)
Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von
(1835-1917)
Carnegie,
Andrew (1835-1919)
Brentano, Franz Clemens
(1838-1917) [Phenomenology]
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1838-1914)
Cézanne, Paul (1839-1906) [Post-Impressionism]
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903)
Rockefeller, John Davison (1839-1937)
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilitch - Pyotr Ilyitch (1840-1893)
Zola, Émile (1840-1902) [Naturalism]
Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931)
James,
William (1842-1910)
Anatole France - Jacques Anatole François Thibault
(1844-1924)
Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900)
Röntgen,
Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923) [Xrays]
Westinghouse, George (1846-1914)
Bell, Alexander Graham (1847-1922)
Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931)
Gauguin, Paul - Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
[Post-Impressionism, Primitivism]
Pareto, Vilfredo (1848-1923)
Stumpf, Carl (1848-1936)
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936)
{Conditioning; Involuntary Reflex]
Berliner, Emile (1851-1929)
Meinong, Alexius (1853-1920) [Theory of Objects]
Poincaré, Jules Henri (1854-1912)
Rimbaud, Jean Nicolas Arthur
(1854-1891)
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939)
[Psychoanalysis]
Van Gogh, Vincent Willem (1853-1890) [Post-Impressionism,
Expressionism]
Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1856-1915)
Tesla, Nicola (1856-1943)
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph (1857-1894)
Veblen, Thorstein Bunde (1857-1929)
Peano, Giuseppe (1858-1932)
Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947)
Bergson, Henri (1859-1941)
Dewey, John (1859-1952)
Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938)
Seurat, Georges-Pierre (1859-1891) [Neo-Impressionism,
Modernism]
Herzl,
Theodor - Binyamin Ze’ev (1860-1904)
Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947)
Gesell, Silvio (1862-1930)
Ford, Henry (1863-1947)
Munch, Edvard (1863-1944) [Symbolism, Expressionism]
Santayana,
George (1863-1952)
Signac, Paul Victor Jules (1863-1935) [Pointilism,
Neo-Impressionism]
Minkowski, Hermann (1864-1909)
Toulouse-Lautrec - Henri Marie Raymond de
Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa (1864-1901) [Post-Impressionism, Art
Nouveau]
Weber, Max (1864-1920)
Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (1865-1923)
Kandinsky, Wassily (1866-1944) [Expressionism]
Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866-1945)
[Cultural Heredity]
Curie, Marie - Manja Sklodowska (1867-1934)
Titchener, Edward Bradford
(1867-1927) [Structuralism]
Wright, Wilbur (1867-1912)
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand - Mahatma (1869-1948)
Gide, André Paul Guillaume (1869-1951)
Matisse, Henri (1869-1954)
{Fauvism, Modernism]
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)
Rutherford,
Ernest (1871-1937)
Wright, Orville (1871-1948)
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970)
Moore, George Edward (1873-1958)
Cassirer, Ernst (1874-1945)
Jung, Carl (1875-1961)
Schweitzer, Albert (1875-1965)
Kettering, Charles Franklin (1876-1958)
Buber, Martin (1878-1965)
Lukasiewicz, Jan (1878-1956) {Multivalued
Logic]
Meitner, Lise
(1878-1968)
Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958)
[Behaviorism]
Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
Hahn, Otto (1879-1968)
Bleyl, Fritz - Hilmar
Friedrich Wilhelm Bleyl (1880-1966) [Expressionism]
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880-1938) [Expressionism]
Spengler, Oswald (1880-1936)
Wertheimer, Max (1880-1943)
[Gestalt Psychology]
Picasso, Pablo - Pablo
Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los
Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito
Ruiz y Picasso (1881-1973) [Cubism]
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
(1881-1955)
Braque, Georges (1882-1963)
[Cubism]
Goddard, Robert H. (1882-1945)
Feder,
Gottfried (1883-1941)
Gibran, Gibran Kahlil (1883-1931)
Heckel, Erich (1883-1970) [Expressionism]
Jaspers, Karl Theodor (1883-1969)
Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883-1950)
Rottluff, Karl Schmidt (1884-1976) [Expressionism]
Bohr, Niels
(1885-1962)
Pound, Ezra Weston Loomis (1885-1972)
Koffka, Kurt (1886-1941)
[Gestalt
Psychology]
Köhler,
Wolfgang (1887-1967)
[Gestalt
Psychology]
Schrödinger, Irwin (1887-1961)
De Chirico, Giorgio (1888-1978)
Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1888-1965)
Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976)
Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945)
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Joseph Johan (1889-1951)
Carnap, Rudolph (1891-1970)
Ernst, Max
(1891-1976)
Haldane,
John Burdon Sanderson (1892-1964)
Zedong,
Mao - Mao Tse-tung (1893-1976)
Dooyeweerd,
Herman (1894-1977)
[Cosmonomic Philosophy; Theory of Aspects]
Wiener, Norbert (1894-1964)
[Cybernetics]
Breton, André
(1896-1966) [Surrealism]
Bataille, George (1897-1962)
Magritte, René François Ghislain
(1898-1967)
Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899-1992)
Deming, William
Edwards (1900-1993)
Fromm, Erich (1900-1980)
Pauli, Wolfgang
(1900-1958)
Saint Exupéry, Antoine Jean-Baptiste Marie Roger de
(1900-1944) [The Little Prince] |
|
20th |
Fermi,
Enrico (1901-1954)
Heisenberg, Werner
Karl (1901-1976)
Lacan, Jacques-Marie-Émile
(1901-1981)
Pauling, Linus C. (1901-1994)
Van de Graaff, Robert Jemison (1901-1967)
Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984)
Popper, Sir Karl Raymund (1902-1994)
Tarski,
Alfred - Alfred Teitelbaum (1902-1983) {Metamathematics,
Semantics]
Wigner, Eugene Paul (1902-1995)
Adorno, Theodor Weisengrund (1903-1969)
Darlington, Cyril Dean (1903-1981)
Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich
(1903-1987)
Lorenz, Konrad (1903-1989)
Orwell, George - Eric Arthur Blair (1903-1950)
Von Neumann,
John (1903-1957)
Dali, Salvador - Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí
i Domènech (1904-1989)
Lonergan, Bernard Joseph Francis (1904-1984)
Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1904-1967)
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic
(1904-1990) [Behaviorism]
Rand, Ayn - Alyssa
Rosenbaum (1905-1982)
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980)
Segrè, Emilio Gino (1905-1989)
Arendt, Hannah (1906-1975)
Bethe, Hans Albrecht (b. 1906)
Carlson, Chester Floyd (1906-1968)
Gödel, Kurt (1906-1978)
Mayer, Maria Goeppert (1906-1972)
Yukawa, Hideki
(1907-1981)
Galbraith, John Kenneth
(1908-2006)
Merleau-Ponti, Maurice
(1908-1961)
Quine, Willard Van Orman (b. 1908)
Teller, Edward (1908-2003)
Drucker, Peter Ferdinand (b. 1909)
Land, Edwin Herbert (1909-1991)
Braun, Werner von (1912-1977)
Friedman, Milton (1912-2006)
Turing, Alan Mathison (1912-1954)
Camus,
Albert (1913-1960)
Ricoeur, Paul (b. 1913)
Masters, William Howell
(1915-2001)
Medawar,
Sir Peter Brian (1915-1987)
Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916-2004)
Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916-2004)
Bohm, David (1917-1992)
Goode, William Josiah
(1917-2003)
Lindblom, Charles Edward (b. 1917)
Feynman, Richard Phillips (1918-1988)
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander
(1918-2008)
Bunge, Mario (b.
1919)
Trudeau, Pierre
Elliott (1919-2000)
John Paul II,
Pope - Karol Józef Wojtyla (1920-2005)
Rawls, John (1921-2002)
Zinn, Howard (b.
1922)
Feyerabend, Paul Karl (1924-1994)
Lyotard, Jean-François (b. 1924)
Raiffa,
Howard (b. 1924)
Deleuze, Gilles (1925-1995)
Johnson, Virginia Eshelman (b.
1925)
Bromley, David Allan (1926-2005)
Foucault, Michel (1926-1984)
Benedict XVI,
Pope - Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (b. 1927)
Noyce, Robert N. (1927-1989)
Chomsky, Noam (b. 1928)
Guevara,
Che - Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (1928-1967)
Watson,
James Dewey (b. 1928)
Baudrillard, Jean (1929-2007)
Derrida, Jacques
(1929-2004)
Gell-Man, Murray
(b. 1929)
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968)
Soros, George (b. 1930)
Debord, Guy
Ernest (1931-1994) [Situationist International]
Penrose,
Sir Roger (b. 1931)
Rorty, Richard (b. 1931)
Penzias, Arno Allan (b. 1933)
Nader,
Ralph (b. 1934)
Said, Edward W. (b. 1935)
Suzuki, David (b. 1936)
Badiou, Alain (b. 1937)
Nozick, Robert (b. 1938)
Hawking, Stephen
William (b. 1942)
Pagels,
Elaine Hiesey (b. 1943)
Schäfer, Peter (b. 1943)
Zerzan, John (b. 1943)
Ayoub, Edward Elie
(b. 1945)
Tipler, Frank J. (b.
1947)
Scharper, Stephen
Bede (b. 1960) |
|
| |
Alphabetical
List |
| |
|
|
|
A |
Abraham -
Abram - Ibrahim
(c. 1800 B.C.)
Achenaten -
Amenhotep IV,
Monotheistic
Pharaoh (c. 1362-1333 B.C.; 18th Dynasty)
Adorno,
Theodor Weisengrund (1903-1969)
Al-Biruni,
Abu Raihan (973-1048)
Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad
Ibn Muhammad Ibn
Tarkhan ibn Awzalagh (870-950)
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1058-1111)
Al-Khayyam, Omar (1044-1123)
Al-Khwarizmi,
Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Musa (c. 780-c. 850)
Al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yakub
Ibn Ishaq (803-873)
Al-Mutanabbi (915-965)
Al-Suhrawardi, Shihab Al-Din Yahya
(1154-1191) [Illuminationist philosophy]
Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.)
Alhazen - Abu-Ali Al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham (c. 965-1039)
Ambrose,
Saint (c. 337-397)
Ampère,
André Marie (1775-1836)
Anatole France - Jacques Anatole François Thibault
(1844-1924)
Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 B.C.)
Aphraates -
Aphrahat, "Persian Sage"
(c. 270-c. 345)
Apion (first century)
Apollonius Molon (first century B.C.)
Aquinas, Saint Thomas (1225-1274)
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.)
Arendt, Hannah (1906-1975)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Augustine of Hippo, Saint
- Aurelius Augustinus (354-430)
Aurelius, Marcus (121-180)
Averroës - Abul-Waleed Muhammad ibn Rushd (1126-1198)
Avogadro,
Armedeo (1776-1856)
Avicenna - Abul Ali Al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah
Ibn Sina (980-1037)
Ayoub, Edward Elie (b. 1945) |
|
B |
Babbage,
Charles (1792-1871)
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750)
Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-1294)
Badiou, Alain (b. 1937)
Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von
(1835-1917)
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1814-1876)
Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)
Baudelaire, Charles Pierre (1821-1867) [Symbolism]
Baudrillard, Jean (1929-2007)
Basil of Caesarea
- Saint Basil the Great
(c. 329-379)
Bataille, George (1897-1962)
Baudelaire, Charles Pierre (1821-1867) [Symbolism]
Beethoven, Ludvig van (1770-1827)
Bell, Alexander Graham (1847-1922)
Benedict XVI,
Pope - Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (b. 1927)
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832)
Bergson, Henri (1859-1941)
Berkeley, George (1685-1753)
Berliner, Emile (1851-1929)
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782)
Bethe, Hans Albrecht (b. 1906)
Bleyl, Fritz - Hilmar
Friedrich Wilhelm Bleyl (1880-1966) [Expressionism]
Bohm, David (1917-1992)
Bohr, Niels (1885-1962)
Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Boole, George (1815-1864)
Braque, Georges (1882-1963)
[Cubism]
Braun, Werner von (1912-1977)
Brecht, Bertolt (1898-1956)
Brentano, Franz Clemens
(1838-1917) [Phenomenology]
Breton, André
(1896-1966) [Surrealism]
Broglie, Louis Victor de (1892-1987)
Bromley, David Allan (1926-2005)
Buber, Martin (1878-1965)
Buddha - Siddhartha
Gautama (c. 563-c. 483 B.C.)
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, le
Compte de (1707-1788)
Bunge, Mario (b.
1919)
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797) |
|
C |
Caesar,
Gaius Julius (100-44 B.C.)
Camus,
Albert (1913-1960)
Cardano, Gerolamo - Geronimo (1501-1576)
Carlson, Chester Floyd (1906-1968)
Carnap,
Rudolph (1891-1970)
Carnegie,
Andrew (1835-1919)
Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832)
Cassirer, Ernst (1874-1945)
Celsus (Platonist; wrote True Doctrine, c.
178)
Cézanne, Paul (1839-1906) [Post-Impressionism]
Chomsky, Noam (b. 1928)
Chopin, Frédéric François (1810-1849)
Christ,
Jesus
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.)
Clausewitz, Carl von (1780-1831)
Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel
(1822-1888)
Confucius - Master
Kong (551-479 B.C.)
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de
(1736-1806)
Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543)
Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916-2004)
Curie, Marie - Manja Sklodowska (1867-1934) |
|
D |
Da
Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519)
Dali, Salvador - Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí
i Domènech (1904-1989)
Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)
Darlington, Cyril Dean (1903-1981)
[Chromosomes]
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)
Debord, Guy
Ernest (1931-1994) [Situationist International]
De Chirico, Giorgio (1888-1978)
De Vries,
Hugo (1848-1935) [Mutation]
Decemviri - The Twelve Tables (451-450 B.C. and 449
B.C.)
Delbrück, Max (1906-1981)
Deleuze, Gilles (1925-1995)
Deming, William
Edwards (1900-1993)
Democritus (c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Derrida, Jacques
(1929-2004)
Descartes, René (1596-1650)
Dewey, John (1859-1952)
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) [Encyclopédie]
Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833-1911)
Diodorus, Siculus (first century B.C.)
Diogenes (c. 412-323 B.C.)
Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984)
Dooyeweerd,
Herman (1894-1977)
[Cosmonomic Philosophy; Theory of Aspects]
Doppler, Christian Johann (1803-1853)
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Michailovich (1821-1881)
Draco (Draco's
law code, c. 621 B.C.)
Drucker, Peter Ferdinand (b. 1909) |
|
E |
Edison,
Thomas Alva (1847-1931)
Egyptians
(c. 4000 B.C.)
El Greco - Doménicos Theotokópoulos (1541-1614)
Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1888-1965)
Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
Empedocles (c. 495-c. 435 B.C.)
Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895)
Ephrem the Syrian, Saint - Harp of
the Spirit (c. 306-373) [Orthodox
monasticism]
Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)
Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466-1536)
Ernst, Max
(1891-1976)
Euclid (c. 325-c. 265 B.C.)
Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783) |
|
F |
Faraday,
Michael (1791-1867)
Fechner,
Gustav Theodor (1801-1887) [Psychophysics]
Feder,
Gottfried (1883-1941)
Ferma, Pierre de (1601-1665)
Fermi,
Enrico (1901-1954)
Feyerabend, Paul Karl (1924-1994)
Feynman, Richard Phillips (1918-1988)
Fichte, Johann (1762-1814)
Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880) [Realism, Romanticism]
Ford, Henry (1863-1947)
Foucault, Michel (1926-1984)
Fourier, Baron Jean
Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830)
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790)
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939)
[Psychoanalysis]
Friedman, Milton (1912-2006)
Fromm, Erich (1900-1980) |
|
G |
Galbraith, John Kenneth
(1908-2006)
Galileo, Galilei (1564-1642)
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand - Mahatma (1869-1948)
Gauguin, Paul - Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
[Post-Impressionism, Primitivism]
Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)
Gell-Man, Murray (b. 1929)
Gorgias, (c.
485-380 B.C.)
Gesell, Silvio (1862-1930)
Ghent, William
James
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903)
Gibran, Gibran Kahlil (1883-1931)
Gide, André Paul Guillaume (1869-1951)
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de (1816-1882)
Goddard, Robert H. (1882-1945)
Gödel, Kurt (1906-1978)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)
Gompertz, Benjamin (1779-1865)
Comte, Auguste - Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte
(1798-1857) [Postivism, Sociology]
Goode, William Josiah
(1917-2003)
Goya, Francisco - Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes
(1746-1828)
Gregory Dialogus
-
Pope Gregory I -
Gregory the Great (540-604)
Gregory of Nazianzus,
Saint
(329-389) [Trinitarian Theology]
Gregory of Nyssa
(c. 335)
Guevara,
Che - Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (1928-1967)
Gutenberg, Johannes (c. 1400-1468) |
|
H |
Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919)
Hahn,
Otto (1879-1968)
Haldane,
John Burdon Sanderson (1892-1964)
Hamilton,
Alexander (1755-1804)
Hamilton, Sir William Rowan (1805-1865)
Hammurabi (reigned 1795-1750 B.C.)
Handel, George Frideric (1685-1759)
Hawking, Stephen William (b. 1942)
Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899-1992)
Hecateus of Abdera (fourth-third century B.C.)
Heckel, Erich (1883-1970) [Expressionism]
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)
Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976)
Heisenberg, Werner
Karl (1901-1976)
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821-1894)
Henry, Joseph (1791-1878)
Heraclitus
(c. 535-c. 475 B.C.)
Herbart, Johann Friedrich
(1776-1841) [Pedagogy]
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)
Herodotus (c. 484-c. 425 B.C.)
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph (1857-1894)
Herzl,
Theodor - Binyamin Ze’ev (1860-1904)
Hillel (c. 70 B.C.-10 A.D.)
Hippocrates
(c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Hipparchus
(190-120 B.C.)
Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945)
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)
Homer (ca. 850-800 B.C.)
Hugo, Victor-Marie (1802-1885) [Romanticism]
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
Hume, David (1711-1776)
Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938)
Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894-1963) |
|
I |
Ibn
Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman Abu Zayd ibn Muhammad (1332-1406)
Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164-1240)
Irenaeus,
Saint (ca. 120-203) |
|
J |
James,
William (1842-1910)
Jaspers, Karl Theodor (1883-1969)
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)
Jerome (c. 342-419)
Jomini,
Baron Antoine Henri de (1779-1869)
Joule, James P. (1818-1889)
John Chrysostom
(349-c. 407)
John Paul II,
Pope - Karol Józef Wojtyla (1920-2005)
Johnson, Virginia Eshelman (b.
1925)
Josephus, Flavius (37-c. 95)
Jung, Carl (1875-1961)
Justin Martyr, Saint (c. 100-c. 165) |
|
K |
Kelvin, Lord William Thomson
(1824-1907)
Kandinsky, Wassily (1866-1944) [Expressionism]
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
Kettering, Charles Franklin (1876-1958)
Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Kierkegaard, Søren Aaby (1813-1855)
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968)
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880-1938) [Expressionism]
Klee, Paul (1879-1940) [
Koffka, Kurt (1886-1941)
[Gestalt
Psychology]
Köhler,
Wolfgang (1887-1967)
[Gestalt
Psychology]
Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich
(1903-1987)
Kramer, Heinrich (died 1505) |
|
L |
Lacan, Jacques-Marie-Émile
(1901-1981)
Lagrange,
Comte Joseph Louis (1736-1813)
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre
Antoine de Monet, le Chavalier (1744-1829)
Land, Edwin Herbert (1909-1991)
Lao-Tzu (c. 604-531 B.C.)
Laplace, Marquis Pierre Simon de (1749-1827)
Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)
Liebig, Baron Justus von (1803-1879)
Lindblom, Charles Edward (b. 1917)
Liszt, Franz (1811-1886)
Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.)
Locke, John (1632-1704)
Lonergan, Bernard Joseph Francis (1904-1984)
Lorenz, Konrad (1903-1989)
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann
(1817-1881)
Lucretius, (c.
99-c. 55 B.C.)
Lukasiewicz, Jan (1878-1956) {Multivalued
Logic]
Lully, Jean-Baptiste (1632-1687)
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)
Lyotard, Jean-François (b. 1924) |
|
M |
Machiavelli, Niccoló (1469-1527)
Madison,
James (1751-1836)
Magritte, René François Ghislain
(1898-1967)
Maimonides - Moses Ben Maimon
- Abu Imran Musa ben Maimun ibn Abd Allah (1135-1204)
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715)
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)
Manet, Édouard (1832-1883)
[Impressionism]
Manetho (3rd century B.C.)
Mani (c. 216-c. 276)
Marcion (c. 84-160)
Marcuse, Herbert (1898-1979)
Masters, William Howell
(1915-2001)
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
Matisse, Henri (1869-1954)
{Fauvism, Modernism]
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878) [Conservation of
Energy] [Oxidation]
Mayer, Maria Goeppert (1906-1972)
Medawar,
Sir Peter Brian (1915-1987)
Meinong,
Alexius (1853-1920) [Theory of Objects]
Meitner, Lise (1878-1968)
Mencius - Master Meng (c. 370-290 B.C.)
Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822-1884)
Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834-1907)
Merleau-Ponti, Maurice
(1908-1961)
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)
Minkowski, Hermann (1864-1909)
Miró, Joan - Joan Miró i
Ferrà (1893-1983)
Mohammad,
The Prophet (c
570-632)
Moltke, Helmuth
Karl Bernhard, Graf Von (1800-1891)
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533-1592)
Montesquieu,
Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755)
Moreau, Gustave (1826-1898) [Symbolism]
Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866-1945)
[Cultural Heredity]
Moore, George Edward (1873-1958)
More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese (1791-1872)
Moses
- Osarseph, Egyptian priest (c. 1250 B.C.)
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)
Mumford, Lewis (1895-1990)
Munch, Edvard (1863-1944) [Symbolism, Expressionism]
|
|
N |
Nader,
Ralph (b. 1934)
Napoleon I - Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900)
Noyce, Robert N. (1927-1989)
Nozick, Robert (b. 1938) |
|
O |
Ockham,
William of (c.1285-c. 1349)
Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1904-1967)
Origen - Origenes Adamantius (c. 185-c. 254)
Orwell, George - Eric Arthur Blair (1903-1950) |
|
P |
Pagels,
Elaine Hiesey (b. 1943)
Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)
Pareto, Vilfredo (1848-1923)
Parmenides (b.
c. 515 B.C.)
Pascal, Blaise (1623-1662)
Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)
Pauli, Wolfgang (1900-1958)
Pauling, Linus C. (1901-1994)
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936)
{Conditioning; Involuntary Reflex]
Peano, Giuseppe (1858-1932)
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1838-1914)
Penrose,
Sir Roger (b. 1931)
Penzias, Arno Allan (b. 1933)
Philo - Philo Judaeus (ca. 20 BC-50 AD)
Picasso, Pablo - Pablo
Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los
Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito
Ruiz y Picasso (1881-1973) [Cubism]
Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947)
Plato (427-347 B.C.)
Plotinus (205-270)
Plutarch (c. 45-c. 125)
Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849)
Poincaré, Jules Henri (1854-1912)
Poisson, Siméon Denis (1781-1840)
Popper, Sir Karl Raymund (1902-1994)
Pound, Ezra Weston Loomis (1885-1972)
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)
Proust, Marcel - Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel
Proust (1871-1922) [Modernism]
Ptolemy - Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. 85-c. 165)
Pythagoras (569-475 B.C.) |
|
Q |
Quine,
Willard Van Orman (b. 1908) |
|
R |
Rabelais,
François (c. 1494-1553) [Gargantua and Pantagruel]
Racine, Jean (1639-1699)
Raiffa,
Howard (b. 1924)
Rand, Ayn
- Alyssa Rosenbaum (1905-1982)
Rawls, John (1921-2002)
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)
Ricoeur, Paul (b. 1913)
Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard (1826-1866)
Rimbaud, Jean Nicolas Arthur
(1854-1891)
Rockefeller, John Davison (1839-1937)
Röntgen,
Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923) [Xrays]
Rorty, Richard (b. 1931)
Rottluff, Karl Schmidt (1884-1976) [Expressionism]
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778)
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970)
Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937) |
|
S |
Saadia
Gaon - Said al-Fayyumi (Jewish
exilarch) (882-942)
Sade,
Donatien Alphonse François, Comte De (1740-1814)
Said,
Edward W. (b. 1935)
Saint Exupéry, Antoine Jean-Baptiste Marie Roger de
(1900-1944) [The Little Prince]
Saladin
- Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (c. 1137-1193)
Sanskrit Sages
(c. 800-400 B.C.)
Santayana,
George (1863-1952)
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980)
Schäfer, Peter (b. 1943)
Scharper, Stephen
Bede (b. 1960)
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775-1854)
Schleiermacher, Friedrich
Daniel Ernst (1768-1834)
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)
Schrödinger, Irwin (1887-1961)
Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883-1950)
Schweitzer, Albert (1875-1965)
Segrè, Emilio Gino (1905-1989)
Seneca, (4 B.C.-65 A.D.)
Seurat, Georges-Pierre (1859-1891) [Neo-Impressionism,
Modernism]
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
Shammai (c. 50 B.C.-c. 30 A.D.)
Siemens, Ernst Werner von (1816-1892)
Signac, Paul Victor Jules (1863-1935) [Pointilism,
Neo-Impressionism]
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic
(1904-1990) [Behaviorism]
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)
Solomon
(ruled 961-922 B.C.)
Solon (c.
630-c. 560
B.C.)
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander
(1918-2008)
Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.)
Soros, George (b. 1930)
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)
Spengler, Oswald (1880-1936)
Spinoza, Baruch - Benedictus de (1632-1677)
Sprenger, James (c. 1437-1495)
Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (1865-1923)
Strabo (c. 64 B.C.-20 A.D.)
Stumpf, Carl (1848-1936)
Suess, Eduard (1831-1914)
[Continental Drift]
Sun Tzu (c.
600-500 B.C.)
Suzuki, David (b. 1936) |
|
T |
Tacitus,
Publius Cornelius (c. 56-120)
Tarski,
Alfred (1902-1983) {Metamathematics, Semantics]
Tatian
(converted to Christianity, c. 150)
Taylor,
Frederick Winslow (1856-1915)
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilitch - Pyotr Ilyitch (1840-1893)
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
(1881-1955)
Teller,
Edward (1908-2003)
Tesla, Nicola (1856-1943)
Thales (c. 624-c. 546 B.C.)
Thoreau,
Henry David (1817-1862)
Thucydides
(c. 460 -c. 400 B.C.)
Tipler, Frank J. (b.
1947)
Titchener, Edward Bradford (1867-1927)
[Structuralism]
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clérel de (1805-1859)
Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910)
Toulouse-Lautrec - Henri Marie Raymond de
Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa (1864-1901) [Post-Impressionism, Art
Nouveau]
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975)
Trudeau, Pierre
Elliott (1919-2000)
Turing, Alan Mathison (1912-1954) |
|
U |
|
|
V |
Valentinus
(c. 100-c. 160)
Van de Graaff, Robert Jemison (1901-1967)
Van Gogh, Vincent Willem (1853-1890) [Post-Impressionism,
Expressionism]
Veblen,
Thorstein Bunde (1857-1929)
Vedic Sages, (c. 1200-900 B.C.)
Velázquez, Diego - Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez
(1599-1660) {Realism, Impressionism]
Verdi, Giuseppe (1813-1901)
Vivaldi, Antonio Lucio (1678-1741)
Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio
Anastasio (1745-1827) [Battery]
Voltaire
- François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)
Von Neumann,
John (1903-1957)
|
|
W |
Wagner,
Richard (1813-1883)
Washington, George (1732-1799)
Watson,
James Dewey (b. 1928)
Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958)
[Behaviorism]
Watt, James E. (1736-1819)
Weber, Max (1864-1920)
Wertheimer, Max (1880-1943)
[Gestalt Psychology]
Westinghouse, George (1846-1914)
Whewell, William (1794-1866) [Inductive Sciences]
Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947)
Whitney, Eli (1765-1825)
Wiener, Norbert (1894-1964)
[Cybernetics]
Wigner, Eugene Paul (1902-1995)
Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916-2004)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Joseph Johan (1889-1951)
Wright, Orville (1871-1948)
Wright, Wilbur (1867-1912)
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian
(1832-1920) [Structuralism] |
|
X |
Xenophanes,
(c. 570 - c. 478 B.C.)
Xenophon (c. 428
- c. | |