Chronology
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Century Author
B.C.
A.D.
 
Archaic 16-45 6-15 1-5    
1-5 6-10 11-14 15 16 17
18 19 20      

Archaic Archaic Man
16th-45th B.C. Egyptians (c. 4000 B.C.)
Sumero-Akkadians (c. 3500 B.C.)
Canaanites
(c. 3300 B.C.)
Aryans 
(c. 2000 B.C.)
Israelites (c. 2000 B.C.)
Assyro-Babylonians
(c. 1800 B.C.)
Abraham -- Abram -- Ibrahim (c. 1800 B.C.)
Hammurabi
(reigned 1795-1750 B.C.)
Phoenicians (c. 1600 B.C.)
Hittites (c. 1600 B.C.)
6th-15th B.C. AchenatenAmenhotep IV, Monotheistic Pharaoh (c. 1362-1333 B.C.; 18th Dynasty)
Aramaeans (c. 1300 B.C.)
Moses -- Osarseph, Egyptian priest (c. 1250 B.C.)
Vedic Sages (c. 1200-900 B.C.)
Solomon (ruled 961-922 B.C.)
Sanskrit Sages (c. 800-400 B.C.)
Homer (ca. 850-800 B.C.)
Solon (c. 630-c. 560 B.C.)
Draco (Draco's law code, c. 621 B.C.)
Thales (c. 624-c. 546 B.C.)
Lao-Tzu (c. 604-531 B.C.)
Sun Tzu (c. 600-500 B.C.)
Xenophanes (c. 570-c. 478 B.C.)
Pythagoras (569-475 B.C.)
Buddha -- Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-c. 483 B.C.)
Confucius -- Master Kong (551-479 B.C.)
Heraclitus
(c. 535-c. 475 B.C.)
Parmenides (b. c. 515 B.C.)
Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 B.C.)
1st-5th B.C.

Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.)
Empedocles
(c. 495-c. 435 B.C.)
Gorgias, (c. 485-380 B.C.)
Herodotus (c. 484-c. 425 B.C.)
Socrates (469-399 B.C.)
Democritus
(c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Hippocrates
(c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Thucydides
(c. 460 -c. 400 B.C.)
Decemviri
-- The Twelve Tables (451-450 B.C. and 449 B.C.)
Xenophon (c. 428-c. 354 B.C.)
Plato
(427-347 B.C.)
Diogenes (c. 412-323 B.C.)
Hecateus of Abdera
(fourth-third century B.C.)
Manetho (3rd century B.C.)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Mencius -- Master Meng (c. 370-290 B.C.)
Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.)
Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)
Zeno of Citium, (335-263 B.C.)
Euclid (c. 325-c. 265 B.C.)
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.)
Hipparchus
(190-120 B.C.)
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.)
Caesar, Gaius Julius (100-44 B.C.)
Lucretius (c. 99-c. 55 B.C.)
Hillel (c. 70 B.C.-10 A.D.)
Diodorus, Siculus (first century B.C.)
Strabo
(c. 64 B.C.-20 A.D.)
Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.)
Shammai (c. 50 B.C.-c. 30 A.D.)
Philo -- Philo Judaeus (ca. 20 B.C.-50 A.D.)
Christ, Jesus (c. 4 B.C.-c. 30 A.D.)
Seneca, (4 B.C.-65 A.D.)

1st-5th A.D. Apion (first century)
Josephus, Flavius (37-c. 95)
Plutarch (c. 45-c. 125)
Tacitus
, Publius Cornelius (c. 56-120)
Marcion
(c. 84-160)
Ptolemy
-- Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. 85-c. 165)
Justin Martyr, Saint (c. 100-c. 165)
Valentinus (c. 100-c. 160)
Irenaeus, Saint (ca. 120-203)
Aurelius, Marcus (121-180)
Tatian
(converted to Christianity, c. 150)
Celsus
(Platonist; wrote True Doctrine, c. 178)
Origen
-- Origenes Adamantius (c. 185-c. 254)
Plotinus (205-270)
Mani
, (c. 216-c. 276)
Aphraates
-- Aphrahat, "Persian Sage" (c. 270-c. 345)
Ephrem the Syrian, Saint
Harp of the Spirit (c. 306-373) [Orthodox monasticism]
Basil of Caesarea -- Saint Basil the Great (c. 329-379)
Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint (329-389) [Trinitarian Theology]
Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335)
Ambrose, Saint (c. 337-397)
Jerome (c. 342-419)
John Chrysostom (349-c. 407)

Augustine of Hippo
, Saint -- Aurelius Augustinus (354-430)
Vatsyayana
(4th to 6th centuries A.D.) [Hindu Philosopher; Author of Kama Sutra]
6th-10th Gregory Dialogus -- Pope Gregory I -- Gregory the Great (540-604)
Mohammad, The Prophet (c. 570-632)
Bede
, Saint -- Venerable Bede (672-735) [Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]
Al-Khwarizmi, Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Musa (c. 780-c. 850)
Radbertus, St. Paschasius (785-865) [Transubstantiation: Bread and wine in Eucharist are Christ's flesh and blood]
Al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Yakub Ibn Ishaq (803-873)
Al-Farabi, Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad  Ibn Tarkhan Ibn Awzalagh (870-950)
Saadia Gaon -- Said al-Fayyumi (Jewish exilarch) (882-942)
Al-Mutanabbi (915-965)
Alhazen
-- Ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Hasan (965-c. 1040) [Analytic geometry; optics; modern scientific method]
Al-Biruni, Abu Raihan (973-1048)
Avicenna -- Abul Ali Al-Husayn Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Sina (980-1037)
11th-14th Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033-1109) [Proslogion: Ontological proof of the existence of God]
A
l-Khayyam, Omar (1044-1123)
Al-Ghazali
, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1058-1111)
Averroës
-- Abul-Waleed Muhammad ibn Rushd (1126-1198)
Maimonides -- Moses Ben Maimon -- Abu Imran Musa ben Maimun Ibn Abd Allah (1135-1204)
Saladin -- Salah Al-Din Al-Ayyubi (c. 1137-1193)
Al-Suhrawardi, Shihab Al-Din Yahya (1154-1191) [Illuminationist philosophy]
Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164-1240)
Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-1294)
Aquinas
, Saint Thomas (1225-1274)
Meister Eckhart -- Eckhart von Hochheim (c. 1260-c. 1328) [Christian Theologian and Mystic]
Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)
Ockham, William of (c.1285-c. 1349)
Ibn Khaldun, Abd Al-Rahman Abu Zayd Ibn Muhammad (1332-1406)
Gutenberg, Johannes (c. 1400-1468)
15th Sprenger, James (c. 1437-1495)
Kramer
, Heinrich (died 1505)
Da Vinci
, Leonardo (1452-1519)
Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466-1536)
Machiavelli
, Niccol™ (1469-1527)
Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543)
More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)
Rabelais
, François (c. 1494-1553) [Gargantua and Pantagruel]
16th Cardano, Gerolamo -- Geronimo (1501-1576)
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533-1592)

El Greco -- Doménikos Theotokópoulos (1541-1614)
Galileo
, Galilei (1564-1642)
Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)
Kepler
, Johannes (1571-1630)
Hobbes
, Thomas (1588-1679)
Descartes, René (1596-1650)
Velázquez
, Diego -- Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez (1599-1660) {Realism, Impressionism]
17th Ferma, Pierre de (1601-1665)
Pascal
, Blaise (1623-1662)
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
Locke, John (1632-1704)
Lully, Jean-Baptiste (1632-1687)
Spinoza, Baruch -- Benedictus de (1632-1677)
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715)
Racine, Jean (1639-1699)
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)
Vivaldi, Antonio Lucio (1678-1741)
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750)
Berkeley, George (1685-1753)
Handel, George Frideric (1685-1759)
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755)
Voltaire -- François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782)
18th Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790)
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, le Compte de (1707-1788)
Euler
, Leonhard (1707-1783)
Hume
, David (1711-1776)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778)
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) [Encyclopédie]
Smith, Adam (1723-1790)
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797)
Washington, George (1732-1799)
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de (1736-1806)
Lagrange, Comte Joseph Louis (1736-1813)
Watt, James E. (1736-1819)
Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Comte De (1740-1814)
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, le Chavalier (1744-1829)
Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio (1745-1827) [Battery]
Goya, Francisco
-- Francisco Jos�é de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)
Madison, James (1751-1836)
Hamilton, Alexander (1755-1804)
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich (1759-1805) [German
poet]
Fichte, Johann (1762-1814)
Whitney, Eli (1765-1825)
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)
Fourier, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830)
Schleiermacher
, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (1768-1834)
Napoleon I -- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Beethoven, Ludvig van (1770-1827)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)
Ricardo, David (1772-1823)
Ampére, André Marie (1775-1836)
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775-1854)
Avogadro, Armedeo (1776-1856)
Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1776-1841) [Pedagogy]

Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)
Gompertz, Benjamin (1779-1865)
Jomini, Baron Antoine Henri de (1779-1869)
Clausewitz, Carl von (1780-1831)
Poisson, Siméon Denis (1781-1840)
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)
Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)
Henry, Joseph (1791-1878)
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese (1791-1872)
Babbage, Charles (1792-1871)

Whewell, William (1794-1866) [Inductive Sciences]

Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832)
Comte, Auguste
-- Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (1798-1857) [Postivism, Sociology]
Balzac, Honoré de (1799-1850)
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf Von (1800-1891)
19th Fechner, Gustav Theodor (1801-1887) [Psychophysics]
Hugo, Victor-Marie (1802-1885) [Romanticism]
Doppler, Christian Johann (1803-1853)
Liebig, Baron Justus von (1803-1879)
Hamilton
, Sir William Rowan (1805-1865)
Tocqueville
, Alexis Charles Henri Cl™rel de (1805-1859)
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)
Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882)
Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849)
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)
Chopin, Frédéric François (1810-1849)
Liszt, Franz (1811-1886)
Kierkegaard, Søren Aaby (1813-1855)
Verdi, Giuseppe (1813-1901)
Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1814-1876)
Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878) [Conservation of Energy] [Oxidation]
Boole, George (1815-1864)
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de  (1816-1882)
Siemens, Ernst Werner von (1816-1892)
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann (1817-1881)
Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862)
Joule, James P. (1818-1889)
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
Engels
, Friedrich (1820-1895)
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)

Baudelaire, Charles Pierre (1821-1867) [Symbolism]

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Michailovich (1821-1881)
Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880) [Realism, Romanticism]
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821-1894)
Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822-1884)
Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)
Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel (1822-1888)
Kelvin, Lord William Thomson (1824-1907)
Moreau, Gustave (1826-1898) [Symbolism]
Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard (1826-1866)
Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910)
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
Suess, Eduard (1831-1914) [Continental Drift]
Manet, Édouard (1832-1883) [Impressionism]
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (1832-1920) [Structuralism]

Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833-1911)
Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919)
Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834-1907)
Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von (1835-1917)
Carnegie, Andrew (1835-1919)
Brentano, Franz Clemens (1838-1917) [Phenomenology]
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1838-1914)
Cézanne, Paul (1839-1906) [Post-Impressionism]
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903)
Rockefeller, John Davison (1839-1937)
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilitch -- Pyotr Ilyitch (1840-1893)
Zola, Émile (1840-1902) [Naturalism]
Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931)
James, William (1842-1910)
Anatole France -- Jacques Anatole François Thibault (1844-1924)
Boltzmann
, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900)
R�ntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923) [Xrays]
Spitteler, Carl Friedrich Georg (1845-1924) [Prometheus and Epimetheus]
Westinghouse, George (1846-1914)
Bell, Alexander Graham (1847-1922)
Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931)
Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob (1848-1925)
Gauguin, Paul -- Eugéne Henri Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) [Post-Impressionism, Primitivism]
Pareto, Vilfredo (1848-1923)
Stumpf, Carl (1848-1936)
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) {Conditioning; Involuntary Reflex]
Berliner, Emile (1851-1929)
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1852-1934) [Histology, Pathology, Structure of the Brain]

Meinong, Alexius (1853-1920) [Theory of Objects]
Poincaré, Jules Henri (1854-1912)
Rimbaud
, Jean Nicolas Arthur (1854-1891)
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939) [Psychoanalysis]
Van Gogh
, Vincent Willem (1853-1890) [Post-Impressionism, Expressionism]
Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1856-1915)
Tesla, Nicola (1856-1943)
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph (1857-1894)
Saussure, Ferdinand Mongin de (1857-1913) [Linguistics]
Veblen, Thorstein Bunde (1857-1929)
Peano, Giuseppe (1858-1932)
Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947)
Bergson, Henri (1859-1941)
Dewey, John (1859-1952)
Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938)
Seurat
, Georges-Pierre (1859-1891) [Neo-Impressionism, Modernism]
Herzl, Theodor -- Benjamin Ze�ev Herzl (1860-1904) [Journalist, Zionist]
Tagore, Rabindranath -- Robindronath Ţhakur (1861-1941) [Poetry, Literature, Philosophy]
Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947)
Gesell, Silvio (1862-1930)
Ford, Henry (1863-1947)
Munch, Edvard (1863-1944) [Symbolism, Expressionism]
Santayana, George (1863-1952)
Signac
, Paul Victor Jules (1863-1935) [Pointilism, Neo-Impressionism]
Sombart
, Werner (1863--1941) [Economics, Sociology]
Minkowski, Hermann (1864-1909)
Toulouse-Lautrec -- Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa (1864-1901) [Post-Impressionism, Art Nouveau]
Weber, Max (1864-1920)
Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (1865-1923)

Kandinsky, Wassily (1866-1944) [Expressionism]

Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866-1945) [Cultural Heredity]
Curie, Marie -- Manja Sklodowska (1867-1934)
Titchener, Edward Bradford (1867-1927) [Structuralism]
Wright, Wilbur (1867-1912)
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand ™ Mahatma (1869-1948)
Gide, André Paul Guillaume (1869-1951)
Matisse, Henri (1869-1954) {Fauvism, Modernism]

Adler, Alfred (1870-1937) [Individual psychology inferiority complex]

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)
Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
Wright, Orville (1871-1948)
Mauss, Marcel (1872-1950) [Ethnology]
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970)
Trotter, Wilfred Batten Lewis (1872-1939) [Neurosurgery; Social Psychology, Herd Instinct]
Moore, George Edward (1873-1958)
Cassirer, Ernst (1874-1945)
Jung, Carl (1875-1961)
Schweitzer, Albert (1875-1965)
Kettering, Charles Franklin (1876-1958)
Buber, Martin (1878-1965)
Lukasiewicz, Jan (1878-1956) {Multivalued Logic]
Meitner, Lise (1878-1968)
Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958) [Behaviorism]
Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)
Hahn, Otto (1879-1968)
Bleyl, Fritz
Hilmar Friedrich Wilhelm Bleyl (1880-1966) [Expressionism]
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880-1938) [Expressionism]
Spengler, Oswald (1880-1936)
Wertheimer, Max (1880-1943) [Gestalt Psychology]
Picasso, Pablo -- Pablo Ruiz y Picasso (1881-1973) [Cubism]
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1881-1955)
Braque, Georges (1882-1963) [Cubism]
Goddard, Robert H. (1882-1945)
Feder
, Gottfried (1883-1941)
Gibran, Gibran Kahlil (1883-1931)
Heckel
, Erich (1883-1970) [Expressionism]
Jaspers, Karl Theodor (1883-1969)
Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1883-1950)
Rottluff
, Karl Schmidt (1884-1976) [Expressionism]
Bohr, Niels (1885-1962)
Pound, Ezra Weston Loomis (1885-1972)
Koffka, Kurt (1886-1941) [Gestalt Psychology]
Köhler, Wolfgang (1887-1967) [Gestalt Psychology]
Schrödinger
, Irwin (1887-1961)
De Chirico
, Giorgio (1888-1978)
Eliot,
Thomas Stearns (1888-1965)
Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976)
Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945)
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Joseph Johan (1889-1951)
Wright, Sewall Green (1889-1988) [Genetics]
Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer (1890-1962) [Statistics; Genetics; Evolutionary Biology]
Bernays, Edward Louis (
1891-1995) [Propaganda; Public Relations, Public Opinion; Spin]
Carnap, Rudolph (1891-1970)
Ernst, Max (1891-1976)
Haldane
, John Burdon Sanderson (1892-1964) [Genetics; Evolutionary Biology]
Miró, Joan
-- Joan Miró i Ferrà (1893-1983)
Zedong, Mao Tse-tung (1893-1976)
Dooyeweerd, Herman (1894-1977) [Cosmonomic Philosophy; Theory of Aspects]
Wiener, Norbert (1894-1964) [Cybernetics]
Breton, André (1896-1966) [Surrealism]

Bataille, George (1897-1962)

Magritte, Ren� Fran�ois Ghislain (1898-1967)
Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899-1992)
Deming, William Edwards (1900-1993)
Fromm, Erich (1900-1980)
Pauli, Wolfgang (1900-1958)
Saint Exupéry, Antoine Jean-Baptiste Marie Roger de (1900-1944) [The Little Prince]
20th Fermi, Enrico (1901-1954)
Heisenberg, Werner Karl (1901-1976)
Lacan, Jacques-Marie-Émile (1901-1981)
Malraux, André (1901-1976)
Pauling, Linus C. (1901-1994)
Van de Graaff
, Robert Jemison (1901-1967)
Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984)
Popper, Sir Karl Raymund (1902-1994)
Tarski
, Alfred
Alfred Teitelbaum (1902-1983) {Metamathematics, Semantics]
Wigner, Eugene Paul (1902-1995)
Adorno, Theodor Weisengrund (1903-1969)
Darlington, Cyril Dean (1903-1981)
Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich (1903-1987)
Lorenz, Konrad (1903-1989)
Orwell, George -- Eric Arthur Blair (1903-1950)
Von Neumann, John (1903-1957)
Dali, Salvador -- Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dal� i Dom�nech (1904-1989)
Lonergan, Bernard Joseph Francis (1904-1984)
Oppenheimer, J. Robert (1904-1967)
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic (1904-1990) [Behaviorism]
Rand, Ayn -- Alyssa Rosenbaum (1905-1982)
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-1980)
Segré, Emilio Gino (1905-1989)
Arendt, Hannah (1906-1975)
Delbr�ck, Max (1906-1981) [Molecular Biology; Genes]
Bethe, Hans Albrecht (b. 1906)
Carlson, Chester Floyd (1906-1968)
Gödel, Kurt (1906-1978)
Mayer, Maria Goeppert (1906-1972)
Hyppolite, Jean (1907-1968)
Yukawa, Hideki (1907-1981)
Galbraith, John Kenneth (1908-2006)
Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1908-2009)
Merleau-Ponti, Maurice (1908-1961)
Quine, Willard Van Orman (b. 1908)
Teller, Edward (1908-2003)
Drucker, Peter Ferdinand (b. 1909)
Land, Edwin Herbert (1909-1991)
Wheeler, John Archibald (1911-2008) [Nuclear Fission; S-Matrix; Black Holes]
Braun, Werner von (1912-1977)
Friedman, Milton (1912-2006)
Turing, Alan Mathison (1912-1954)
Camus, Albert (1913-1960)
Ricoeur, Paul (b. 1913)
Masters, William Howell (1915-2001)
Medawar, Sir Peter Brian (1915-1987)
Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916-2004)
Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916-2004)
Bohm, David (1917-1992)
Goode, William Josiah (1917-2003)
Lindblom, Charles Edward (b. 1917)
Feynman, Richard Phillips (1918-1988)
Solzhenitsyn
, Alexander (1918-2008)
Bunge, Mario (b. 1919)
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1919-2000)
John Paul II, Pope -- Karol Józef Wojtyla (1920-2005)
Smith
, John Maynard (1920-2004) [Genetics; Evolutionary Biology; Game Theory; Evolutionary Stable Strategy]
Rawls, John (1921-2002)
Price, George R. (1922-1975) [Biology; Game Theory; Evolutionary Stable Strategy; Altruism]
Zinn
, Howard (1922-2010)
Feyerabend, Paul Karl (1924-1994)
Lyotard, Jean-François (b. 1924)
Raiffa, Howard (b. 1924)
Deleuze, Gilles (1925-1995)
Johnson, Virginia Eshelman (b. 1925)
Bromley, David Allan (1926-2005)
Foucault, Michel (1926-1984)
Benedict XVI, Pope -- Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (b. 1927)
Noyce, Robert N. (1927-1989)
Chomsky, Noam (b. 1928)
Guevara, Che
-- Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (1928-1967)
Watson, James Dewey (b. 1928)
Baudrillard
, Jean (1929-2007)
Derrida, Jacques (1929-2004)
Gell-Man, Murray (b. 1929)
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968)
Guattari, Felix (1930-1992) [Psychoanalysis-Philosophy]
Soros, George (b. 1930)
Debord
, Guy Ernest (1931-1994) [Situationist International]
Penrose, Sir Roger (b. 1931)
Rorty, Richard (b. 1931)
Penzias, Arno Allan (b. 1933)
Nader, Ralph (b. 1934)
Said, Edward W. (b. 1935)
Hamilton, William Donald (1936-2000) [Evolutionary Biology]
Suzuki, David Takayochi (b. 1936)
Badiou, Alain (b. 1937)
Nozick, Robert (b. 1938)
Dawkins
, Clinton Richard (b. 1941) {Ethology; Evolutionary Biology; Memetics]
Hawking, Stephen William (b. 1942)
Gingrich, Newton Leroy "Newt"
(b. 1943) [58th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]
Pagels, Elaine Hiesey (b. 1943)
Schäfer
, Peter  (b. 1943)
Trivers, Robert (b. 1943) [Evolutionary Biologist; Sociobiologist; Reciprocal Altruism]
Zerzan, John (b. 1943)

Ayoub, Edward Elie (b. 1945)
Tipler, Frank J. (b. 1947)
Zizek, Slavoj (b. 1949) [Philosophy; Psychoanalysis]
Scharper, Stephen Bede (b. 1960)
Ferguson
, Niall Campbell Douglas (b. 1964) [Financial/Economic History]
Stanford, Jim (b. 1961) [Economist, Canadian Auto Workers]
  Alphabetical List
 
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
                         

A Abraham -- Abram -- Ibrahim (c. 1800 B.C.)
Achenaten -- Amenhotep IV
, Monotheistic Pharaoh (c. 1362-1333 B.C.; 18th Dynasty)
Adler, Alfred (1870-1937) [Individual psychology inferiority complex]

Adorno
, Theodor Weisengrund (1903-1969)
Al-Biruni
, Abu Raihan (973-1048)
Al-Farabi
, Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tarkhan ibn Awzalagh (870-950)
Al-Ghazali
, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1058-1111)
Al-Khayyam
, Omar (1044-1123)
Al-Khwarizmi
, Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Musa (c. 780-c. 850)
Al-Kindi
, Abu Yusuf Yakub Ibn Ishaq (803-873)
Al-Mutanabbi
(915-965)
Al-Suhrawardi, Shihab Al-Din Yahya (1154-1191) [Illuminationist philosophy]
Alexander the Great
(356-323 B.C.)
Alhazen
-- Ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Hasan (965-c. 1040) [Analytic geometry; optics; modern scientific method] [See Ibn al-Haytham]
Ambrose, Saint (c. 337-397)
Ampére
, André Marie (1775-1836)
Anatole France -- Jacques Anatole François Thibault (1844-1924)
Anaxagoras
(c. 500-428 B.C.)
Anselm of Canterbury
(c. 1033-1109) [Proslogion: Ontological proof of the existence of God]
Aphraates
-- Aphrahat, "Persian Sage" (c. 270-c. 345)
Apion
(first century)
Apollonius Molon
(first century B.C.)
Aquinas
, Saint Thomas (1225-1274)
Archimedes
(287-212 B.C.)
Arendt, Hannah (1906-1975)
Aristotle
(384-322 B.C.)
Augustine of Hippo, Saint -- Aurelius Augustinus (354-430)
Aurelius, Marcus (121-180)
Averroës -- Abul-Waleed Muhammad ibn Rushd (1126-1198)
Avogadro, Armedeo (1776-1856)
Avicenna -- Abul Ali Al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah Ibn Sina (980-1037)
Ayoub, Edward Elie (b. 1945)
B Babbage, Charles (1792-1871)
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750)
Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-1294)
Badiou, Alain (b. 1937)
Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von (1835-1917)
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1814-1876)
Balzac, Honor™ de (1799-1850)

Baudelaire, Charles Pierre (1821-1867) [Symbolism]

Baudrillard
, Jean (1929-2007)
Basil of Caesarea --Saint Basil the Great (c. 329-379)
Bataille, George (1897-1962)
Baudelaire, Charles Pierre (1821-1867) [Symbolism]

Bede
, Saint -- Venerable Bede (672-735) [Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]
Beethoven
, Ludvig van (1770-1827)
Bell
, Alexander Graham (1847-1922)
Benedict XVI, Pope -- Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (b. 1927)
Bentham
, Jeremy (1748-1832)
Bergson, Henri (1859-1941)
Berkeley, George (1685-1753)
Berliner, Emile (1851-1929)
Bernays, Edward Louis (
1891-1995) [Propaganda; Public Relations, Public Opinion; Spin]
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782)
Bethe, Hans Albrecht (b. 1906)
Bleyl, Fritz -- Hilmar Friedrich Wilhelm Bleyl (1880-1966) [Expressionism]
Bohm, David (1917-1992)
Bohr, Niels (1885-1962)
Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844-1906)
Boole, George (1815-1864)
Braque, Georges (1882-1963) [Cubism]
Braun, Werner von (1912-1977)
Brecht, Bertolt (1898-1956)
Brentano, Franz Clemens (1838-1917) [Phenomenology]
Breton, Andr™ (1896-1966) [Surrealism]
Broglie, Louis Victor de (1892-1987)
Bromley, David Allan (1926-2005)
Buber, Martin (1878-1965)
Buddha -- Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-c. 483 B.C.)
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, le Compte de (1707-1788)
Bunge, Mario (b. 1919)
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797)
C Caesar, Gaius Julius (100-44 B.C.)
Camus
, Albert (1913-1960)
Cardano, Gerolamo -- Geronimo (1501-1576)
Carlson, Chester Floyd (1906-1968)
Carnap, Rudolph (1891-1970)
Carnegie, Andrew (1835-1919)
Carnot
, Sadi (1796-1832)
Cassirer
, Ernst (1874-1945)
Celsus (Platonist; wrote True Doctrine, c. 178)
Cézanne, Paul (1839-1906) [Post-Impressionism]
Chomsky, Noam (b. 1928)
Chopin, Frédéric François (1810-1849)
Christ, Jesus
Cicero
, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.)
Clausewitz, Carl von (1780-1831)
Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel (1822-1888)
Confucius -- Master Kong (551-479 B.C.)
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de (1736-1806)
Copernicus, Nicholas (1473-1543)
Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916-2004)
Curie, Marie -- Manja Sklodowska (1867-1934)
D Da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519)
Dali, Salvador -- Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dal� i Dom�nech (1904-1989)
Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)
Darlington, Cyril Dean (1903-1981) [Chromosomes]
Darwin
, Charles Robert (1809-1882)
Dawkins
, Clinton Richard (b. 1941) {Ethology; Evolutionary Biology; Memetics]
Debord
, Guy Ernest (1931-1994) [Situationist International]
De Chirico
, Giorgio (1888-1978)
De Vries
, Hugo (1848-1935) [Mutation]
Decemviri
-- The Twelve Tables (451-450 B.C. and 449 B.C.)
Delbr�ck, Max (1906-1981) [Molecular Biology; Genes]
Deleuze
, Gilles (1925-1995)
Deming
, William Edwards (1900-1993)
Democritus
(c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Derrida, Jacques (1929-2004)
Descartes
, René (1596-1650)
Dewey, John (1859-1952)
Diderot, Denis (1713-1784) [Encyclopdie]
Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833-1911)
Diodorus, Siculus (first century B.C.)
Diogenes (c. 412-323 B.C.)
Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984)
Dooyeweerd, Herman (1894-1977) [Cosmonomic Philosophy; Theory of Aspects]
Doppler, Christian Johann (1803-1853)
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Michailovich (1821-1881)
Draco (Draco's law code, c. 621 B.C.)
Drucker, Peter Ferdinand (b. 1909)
E Meister Eckhart ™ Eckhart von Hochheim (c. 1260-c. 1328) [Christian Theologian and Mystic]
Edison
, Thomas Alva (1847-1931)
Egyptians
(c. 4000 B.C.)
El Greco -- Doménikos Theotokópoulos (1541-1614)
Eliot,
Thomas Stearns (1888-1965)
Einstein
, Albert (1879-1955)
Empedocles (c. 495-c. 435 B.C.)
Engels, Friedrich (1820-1895)
Ephrem the Syrian, Saint -- Harp of the Spirit (c. 306-373) [Orthodox monasticism]
Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)
Erasmus, Desiderius (c. 1466-1536)
Ernst, Max (1891-1976)
Euclid (c. 325-c. 265 B.C.)
Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783)
F Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)
Fechner
, Gustav Theodor (1801-1887) [Psychophysics]
Feder
, Gottfried (1883-1941)
Ferguson
, Niall Campbell Douglas (b. 1964) [Financial/Economic History]
Ferma
, Pierre de (1601-1665)
Fermi
, Enrico (1901-1954)
Feyerabend, Paul Karl (1924-1994)
Feynman, Richard Phillips (1918-1988)
Fichte, Johann (1762-1814)
Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer (1890-1962) [Statistics; Genetics; Evolutionary Biology]
Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880) [Realism, Romanticism]
Ford, Henry (1863-1947)
Foucault, Michel (1926-1984)
Fourier, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830)
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790)
Frege, Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob (1848-1925)
Freud
, Sigmund (1856-1939) [Psychoanalysis]
Friedman, Milton (1912-2006)
Fromm, Erich (1900-1980)
G Galbraith, John Kenneth (1908-2006)
Galileo, Galilei (1564-1642)
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand -- Mahatma (1869-1948)
Gauguin, Paul -- Eugéne Henri Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) [Post-Impressionism, Primitivism]
Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)
Gell-Man, Murray (b. 1929)
Gorgias, (c. 485-380 B.C.)
Gesell, Silvio (1862-1930)
Ghent, William James
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903)
Gibran, Gibran Kahlil (1883-1931)
Gide, André Paul Guillaume (1869-1951)
Gingrich, Newton Leroy "Newt"
(b. 1943) [58th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]
Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de  (1816-1882)
Goddard, Robert H. (1882-1945)
G�del, Kurt (1906-1978)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)
Gompertz, Benjamin (1779-1865)
Comte, Auguste
-- Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte (1798-1857) [Postivism, Sociology]
Goode
, William Josiah (1917-2003)
Goya, Francisco -- Francisco Jos� de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828)
Gregory Dialogus -- Pope Gregory I -- Gregory the Great (540-604)
Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint (329-389) [Trinitarian Theology]
Gregory of Nyssa (c. 335)

Guattari, Felix (1930-1992) [Psychoanalysis-Philosophy]
Guevara, Che
-- Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (1928-1967)
Gutenberg, Johannes (c. 1400-1468)
H Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919)
Hahn
, Otto (1879-1968)
Haldane
, John Burdon Sanderson (1892-1964) [Genetics; Evolutionary Biology]
Hamilton
, Alexander (1755-1804)
Hamilton
, Sir William Rowan (1805-1865)
Hamilton, William Donald (1936-2000) [Evolutionary Biology]
Hammurabi
(reigned 1795-1750 B.C.)
Handel
, George Frideric (1685-1759)
Hawking
, Stephen William (b. 1942)
Hayek
, Friedrich August von (1899-1992)
Hecateus of Abdera
(fourth-third century B.C.)
Heckel
, Erich (1883-1970) [Expressionism]
Hegel
, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)
Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976)
Heisenberg
, Werner Karl (1901-1976)
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von (1821-1894)
Henry, Joseph (1791-1878)
Heraclitus
(c. 535-c. 475 B.C.)
Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1776-1841) [Pedagogy]
Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803)
Herodotus (c. 484-c. 425 B.C.)
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph (1857-1894)
Herzl, Theodor --
Benjamin Ze�ev Herzl (1860-1904) [Journalist, Zionist]
Hillel (c. 70 B.C.-10 A.D.)
Hippocrates
(c. 460-c. 370 B.C.)
Hipparchus
(190-120 B.C.)
Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945)
Hobbes
, Thomas (1588-1679)
Homer (ca. 850-800 B.C.)
Hugo, Victor-Marie (1802-1885) [Romanticism]
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)
Hume, David (1711-1776)
Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938)
Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894-1963)
Hyppolite, Jean (1907-1968)
I Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman Abu Zayd Ibn Muhammad (1332-1406)
Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164-1240)
Ibn al-Haytham, Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Hasan (965-c. 1040) [Analytic geometry; optics; modern scientific method] [See Alhazen]
Irenaeus, Saint (ca. 120-203)
J James, William (1842-1910)
Jaspers, Karl Theodor (1883-1969)
Jay, John (1745-1829)
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)
Jerome (c. 342-419)
Jomini, Baron Antoine Henri de (1779-1869)
Joule, James P. (1818-1889)
John Chrysostom (349-c. 407)
John Paul II, Pope -- Karol J�zef Wojtyła (1920-2005)
Johnson, Virginia Eshelman (b. 1925)
Josephus, Flavius (37-c. 95)
Jung, Carl (1875-1961)
Justin Martyr, Saint (c. 100-c. 165)
K Kelvin, Lord William Thomson (1824-1907)
Kandinsky, Wassily (1866-1944) [Expressionism]

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)
Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)
Kettering, Charles Franklin (1876-1958)
Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Kierkegaard, Søren Aaby (1813-1855)
King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968)
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880-1938) [Expressionism]
Klee, Paul (1879-1940) [
Koffka, Kurt (1886-1941) [Gestalt Psychology]
Köhler, Wolfgang (1887-1967) [Gestalt Psychology]
Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolaevich (1903-1987)
Kramer, Heinrich (died 1505)
L Lacan, Jacques-Marie-Émile (1901-1981)
Lagrange, Comte Joseph Louis (1736-1813)
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, le Chavalier (1744-1829)
Land, Edwin Herbert (1909-1991)
Lao-Tzu (c. 604-531 B.C.)
Laplace
, Marquis Pierre Simon de (1749-1827)
Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931)
Leibniz
, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716)
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924)
Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1908-2009)
Liebig, Baron Justus von (1803-1879)
Lindblom, Charles Edward (b. 1917)
Liszt, Franz (1811-1886)
Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.)
Locke, John (1632-1704)
Lonergan, Bernard Joseph Francis (1904-1984)
Lorenz, Konrad (1903-1989)
Lotze, Rudolf Hermann (1817-1881)
Lucretius, (c. 99-c. 55 B.C.)
Lukasiewicz, Jan (1878-1956) {Multivalued Logic]
Lully, Jean-Baptiste (1632-1687)
Luther, Martin (1483-1546)
Lyotard, Jean-François (b. 1924)
M

Machiavelli, Niccol™ (1469-1527)
Madison, James (1751-1836)
Magritte, Ren� Fran�ois Ghislain (1898-1967)
Maimonides -- Moses Ben Maimon -- Abu Imran Musa ben Maimun ibn Abd Allah (1135-1204)
Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715)
Malraux, André (1901-1976)
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)
Manet, Édouard (1832-1883) [Impressionism]
Manetho (3rd century B.C.)
Mani (c. 216-c. 276)
Mauss, Marcel (1872-1950) [Ethnology]
Marcion (c. 84-160)
Marcuse, Herbert (1898-1979)
Masters, William Howell (1915-2001)
Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
Matisse, Henri (1869-1954) {Fauvism, Modernism]
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)
Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878) [Conservation of Energy] [Oxidation]
Mayer, Maria Goeppert (1906-1972)
Medawar, Sir Peter Brian (1915-1987)
Meinong, Alexius (1853-1920) [Theory of Objects]
Meitner, Lise (1878-1968)
Mencius -- Master Meng (c. 370-290 B.C.)
Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822-1884)
Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834-1907)
Merleau-Ponti, Maurice (1908-1961)
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)
Minkowski, Hermann (1864-1909)
Miró, Joan -- Joan Miró i Ferrà (1893-1983)
Mohammad, The Prophet (c 570-632)
Moltke, Helmuth Karl Bernhard, Graf Von (1800-1891)
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533-1592)

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat (1689-1755)
Moreau, Gustave (1826-1898) [Symbolism]
Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866-1945) [Cultural Heredity]
Moore, George Edward (1873-1958)
More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese (1791-1872)
Moses -- Osarseph, Egyptian priest (c. 1250 B.C.)
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756-1791)
Mumford, Lewis (1895-1990)
Munch, Edvard (1863-1944) [Symbolism, Expressionism]

N Nader, Ralph (b. 1934)
Napoleon I -- Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727)
Nietzsche
, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900)
Noyce, Robert N. (1927-1989)
Nozick, Robert (b. 1938)
O Ockham, William of (c.1285-c. 1349)
Oppenheimer
, J. Robert (1904-1967)
Origen -- Origenes Adamantius (c. 185-c. 254)
Orwell
, George -- Eric Arthur Blair (1903-1950)
P Pagels, Elaine Hiesey (b. 1943)
Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)
Pareto
, Vilfredo (1848-1923)
Parmenides
(b. c. 515 B.C.)
Pascal
, Blaise (1623-1662)
Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)
Pauli, Wolfgang (1900-1958)
Pauling, Linus C. (1901-1994)
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) {Conditioning; Involuntary Reflex]
Peano, Giuseppe (1858-1932)
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1838-1914)
Penrose, Sir Roger (b. 1931)
Penzias, Arno Allan (b. 1933)
Philo -- Philo Judaeus (ca. 20 BC-50 AD)
Picasso, Pablo -- Pablo Ruiz y Picasso (1881-1973) [Cubism]
Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947)
Plato (427-347 B.C.)
Plotinus (205-270)
Plutarch (c. 45-c. 125)
Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849)
Poincaré, Jules Henri (1854-1912)
Poisson, Siméon Denis (1781-1840)
Popper, Sir Karl Raymund (1902-1994)
Pound, Ezra Weston Loomis (1885-1972)
Price, George R. (1922-1975) [Biology; Game Theory; Evolutionary Stable Strategy; Altruism]
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865)
Proust, Marcel -- Valentin Louis Georges Eugéne Marcel Proust (1871-1922) [Modernism]
Ptolemy -- Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. 85-c. 165)
Pythagoras (569-475 B.C.)
Q Quine, Willard Van Orman (b. 1908)
R Rabelais, François (c. 1494-1553) [Gargantua and Pantagruel]
Racine, Jean (1639-1699)
Radbertus, St. Paschasius (785-865) [Transubstantiation: Bread and wine in Eucharist are Christ's flesh and blood]
Raiffa, Howard (b. 1924)
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1852-1934) [Histology, Pathology, Structure of the Brain]
Rand, Ayn -- Alyssa Rosenbaum (1905-1982)
Rawls
, John (1921-2002)
Ricardo
, David (1772-1823)
Ricoeur
, Paul (b. 1913)
Riemann
, Georg Friedrich Bernhard (1826-1866)
Rimbaud
, Jean Nicolas Arthur (1854-1891)
Rockefeller
, John Davison (1839-1937)
R�ntgen,
Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923) [Xrays]
Rorty
, Richard (b. 1931)
Rottluff
, Karl Schmidt (1884-1976) [Expressionism]
Rousseau
, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778)
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970)
Rutherford, Ernest (1871-1937)
S Saadia Gaon ™ Said al-Fayyumi (Jewish exilarch) (882-942)
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Comte De (1740-1814)
Said, Edward W. (b. 1935)
Saint Exupéry, Antoine Jean-Baptiste Marie Roger de (1900-1944) [The Little Prince]
Saladin -- Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (c. 1137-1193)
Sanskrit Sages
(c. 800-400 B.C.)
Santayana
, George (1863-1952)
Sartre
, Jean-Paul (1905-1980)
Saussure
, Ferdinand Mongin de (1857-1913) [Linguistics]
Schäfer
, Peter  (b. 1943)
Scharper
, Stephen Bede (b. 1960)
Schelling
, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775-1854)
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich (1759-1805) [German
poet]
Schleiermacher
, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (1768-1834)
Schopenhauer
, Arthur (1788-1860)
Schrödinger
, Irwin (1887-1961)
Schumpeter
, Joseph Alois (1883-1950)
Schweitzer
, Albert (1875-1965)
Segré
, Emilio Gino (1905-1989)
Seneca
, (4 B.C.-65 A.D.)
Seurat
, Georges-Pierre (1859-1891) [Neo-Impressionism, Modernism]
Shakespeare
, William (1564-1616)
Shammai
(c. 50 B.C.-c. 30 A.D.)
Siemens
, Ernst Werner von (1816-1892)
Signac
, Paul Victor Jules (1863-1935) [Pointilism, Neo-Impressionism]
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic (1904-1990) [Behaviorism]
Smith
, Adam (1723-1790)
Smith
, John Maynard (1920-2004) [Genetics; Evolutionary Biology; Game Theory; Evolutionary Stable Strategy]
Solomon
(ruled 961-922 B.C.)
Solon
(c. 630-c. 560 B.C.)
Solzhenitsyn
, Alexander (1918-2008)
Sombart
, Werner (1863--1941) [Economics, Sociology]
Sophocles
(c. 496-406 B.C.)
Soros
, George (b. 1930)
Spencer
, Herbert (1820-1903)
Spengler
, Oswald (1880-1936)
Spinoza
, Baruch -- Benedictus de (1632-1677)
Spitteler, Carl Friedrich Georg (1845-1924) [Prometheus and Epimetheus]
Sprenger, James (c. 1437-1495)
Stanford, Jim (b. 1961) [Economist, Canadian Auto Workers]
Steinmetz, Charles Proteus (1865-1923)
Strabo
(c. 64 B.C.-20 A.D.)
Stumpf, Carl (1848-1936)
Suess, Eduard (1831-1914) [Continental Drift]
Sun Tzu (c. 600-500 B.C.)
Suzuki, David Takayochi (b. 1936)
T Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (c. 56-120)
Tagore, Rabindranath -- Robindronath Ţhakur (1861-1941) [Poetry, Literature, Philosophy]
Tarski
, Alfred (1902-1983) {Metamathematics, Semantics]
Tatian
(converted to Christianity, c. 150)
Taylor
, Frederick Winslow (1856-1915)
Tchaikovsky
, Peter Ilitch -- Pyotr Ilyitch (1840-1893)
Teilhard de Chardin
, Pierre (1881-1955)
Teller
, Edward (1908-2003)
Tesla
, Nicola (1856-1943)
Thales (c. 624-c. 546 B.C.)
Thoreau
, Henry David (1817-1862)
Thucydides
(c. 460 -c. 400 B.C.)
Tipler
, Frank J. (b. 1947)
Titchener, Edward Bradford (1867-1927) [Structuralism]

Tocqueville
, Alexis Charles Henri Cl™rel de (1805-1859)
Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910)
Toulouse-Lautrec -- Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa (1864-1901) [Post-Impressionism, Art Nouveau]
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975)
Trivers, Robert (b. 1943) [Evolutionary Biologist; Sociobiologist; Reciprocal Altruism]
Trotter, Wilfred Batten Lewis (1872™1939) [Neurosurgery; Social Psychology, Herd Instinct]
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1919-2000)
Turing, Alan Mathison (1912-1954)
U  
V Valentinus (c. 100-c. 160)
Van de Graaff
, Robert Jemison (1901-1967)
Van Gogh
, Vincent Willem (1853-1890) [Post-Impressionism, Expressionism]
Vatsyayana
(4th to 6th centuries A.D.) [Hindu Philosopher; Author of Kama Sutra]
Veblen
, Thorstein Bunde (1857-1929)
Vedic Sages
, (c. 1200-900 B.C.)
Velázquez, Diego -- Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velázquez (1599-1660) {Realism, Impressionism]
Verdi
, Giuseppe (1813-1901)
Vivaldi
, Antonio Lucio (1678-1741)
Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio (1745-1827) [Battery]
Voltaire
--
François Marie Arouet (1694-1778)
Von Neumann, John (1903-1957)
W Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)
Washington, George (1732-1799)
Watson
, James Dewey (b. 1928)
Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958) [Behaviorism]
Watt, James E. (1736-1819)
Weber, Max (1864-1920)
Wertheimer, Max (1880-1943) [Gestalt Psychology]
Westinghouse, George (1846-1914)
Wheeler, John Archibald (1911-2008) [Nuclear Fission; S-Matrix; Black Holes]

Whewell, William (1794-1866) [Inductive Sciences]

Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947)
Whitney, Eli (1765-1825)
Wiener, Norbert (1894-1964) [Cybernetics]
Wigner, Eugene Paul (1902-1995)
Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916-2004)
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Joseph Johan (1889-1951)
Wright, Orville (1871-1948)
Wright, Sewall Green (1889-1988) [Genetics]
Wright, Wilbur (1867-1912)
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (1832-1920) [Structuralism]
X Xenophanes, (c. 570-c. 478 B.C.)
Xenophon (c. 428-c. 354 B.C.)
Y Yukawa, Hideki (1907-1981)
Z Zedong, Mao Tse-tung (1893-1976)
Zeno of Citium (335-263 B.C.)
Zerzan, John (b. 1943)

Zinn
, Howard (1922-2010)
Zizek, Slavoj (b. 1949) [Philosophy; Psychoanalysis]
Zola, Émile (1840-1902) [Naturalism]
For Web-based biographies, see Wikipedia.